If you are just beginning to work with LineSmarts, and you have purchased an organisational subscription, you can acquire the basics most rapidly by working through the information available on the experience page. The experience page can be accessed via the rossette icon on the Photo page’s top task bar.

For those who don’t have an organisational subscription the video links below provide LineSmarts video tutorials:

Part 1: Basic tutorial video

Part 2: Measurement capture tutorial video

Part 3: Span info tutorial

Part 4: Support measurement tutorial

Part 5: Catenaries tutorial

Part 6: Ground profile tutorial

Part 7: Ground clearance tutorial

Part 8: Line Environment tutorial

Part 9: Locations tutorial

Part 10: Camera calibration tutorial

Part 11: Device calibration tutorial

Part 12: Loadcase library tutorial

Part 13: Conductor library tutorial

Part 14: Exporting tutorial

Our youtube channel for other videos

The Photos screen lists the images captured by LineSmarts. Information for each photo is displayed. In all cases the date and time the photo was recorded is displayed. If the photo has been analysed for the span length the result will be shown in meters. The number of wires analysed is displayed as is the span name if the support names are specified by the user.

New items may be added by selecting the plus symbol on the top right of the screen.

Pushing and holding down one of the items pops up a window of actions which can be performed. Actions can be performed on several items at once by selecting the tickboxes for multiple items prior to performing the long press.

The actions include:

Sort: allows items and folders to be sorted by date created or alphabetically.

Create folder: selecting this option creates a folder which can be used for organising items. Note that folders can be created within folders to make sub-folders.

Rename folder: only appears if a folder has been selected. Allows the folder to be renamed.

Delete: allows items or folders to be deleted. If folders are being deleted all the contents of the folder will also be deleted.

Move to: allows items or folders to be moved. If folders are being moved the contents of the folder will also be moved.

Select all: selects all elements on current screen.

Unselect all: unselects all elements on current screen.

Export to JPG/LSM format: selected measurement files can be exported either to harddrive or to email. The exported files have a jpg file extension and can be opened and edited on other devices that have LineSmarts installed. They can also be opened using regular image viewer applications to access the raw image. Those files exported to drive can be found under the LineSmarts folder.

Export to CSV format: Use the Export to CSV Format tool to export the results from one or more LineSmarts measurements as a CSV data file, a format which can be opened by MS Excel. The export automatically creates two files of information about the selected measurement/s, one containing data about the supports, and the other about the spans and contained catenaries.

Other controls which are provided include buttons on the top right of the screen for capturing; a new measurement photo (the + button), Help, Settings, Subscription, Import and About.

+: Once the + button is selected the camera is activated and the user must rotate the device to landscape so the white text at the bottom of the screen is at the bottom of the page. The exposure of the image can be modified using the slider bar on the right. To measure conductor tension take an image of the span including both poles in the image. To capture the image tap the screen gently. During image capture try to keep the device as steady as possible.

Import: LineSmarts measurement can be imported by selecting the import button. This will import all jpg files stored in the device LineSmarts folder which have not previously been imported.

LineSmarts has been developed for compatibility with limit design methods, though it should be possible to comply with most design regimes using the variables provided. There are four limit state design conditions specified within LineSmarts; Ultimate, Damage, Serviceability and Vibration. These are used to correlate load cases with applicable material strength coefficients such as those defined in this library. These limit states broadly follow the definitions given in IEC 60826. For users who are not familiar with that document or are not conversant with the limit state method it is sufficient to realise that these categories may be used to associate a load case with a material strength factor.

Name

This field is used to provide a reference name for the conductor.

Conductor linear mass (kg/m)

The linear mass of the conductor.

Cross-sectional area (mm²)

Cross-sectional area of total conductor load bearing material.

Coeff. linear expansion (/°C)

The coefficient of linear expansion defines the change in conductor length affected by a temperature change of 1 degree.

Diameter (mm)

The outside diameter of the complete conductor.

Calculated breaking load (kN)

The characteristic strength of the conductor, against which tensions can be compared to establish a maximum utilisation.

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

The modulus of elasticity of the total conductor load bearing material.

Drag coefficient

The drag coefficient represents a unitless measure of conductor wind resistance. It is generally assumed to be 1.0 but may vary between 0.8 and 1.2 or beyond.

Ultimate limit (%UTS)

The Ultimate limit, or failure limit, is the material strength factor, expressed as a percentage of the conductor ultimate tensile strength, which is applicable for conductor design under ultimate design loading.

Damage limit (%UTS)

The Damage limit is the material strength factor, expressed as a percentage of the conductor ultimate tensile strength, which is applicable for conductor design to a damage limit, the point at which the conductor may sustain permanent damage that affects the utility or durability of the conductor (eg permanent conductor stretch) but not result in failure.

Serviceability limit (%UTS)

The Serviceability limit is the material strength factor, expressed as a percentage of the conductor ultimate tensile strength, which is applicable for conductor design to a serviceability limit, the point at which the conductor no longer adequately performs its intended function (eg clearances are not longer maintained), but does not result in permanent damage. This limit arguably should not be included as a strength factor and probably will not be used with conductor, as technically it is synonymous with the damage limit (though it has been defined slightly differently here). The Serviceability and Damage limits have been separately defined in LineSmarts to add flexibility to the load case groupings, so the option to use the serviceability limit is there if required.

Vibration limit (%UTS)

The Vibration limit is the material strength factor, expressed as a percentage of the conductor ultimate tensile strength, which is applicable for conductor design to a vibration limit.

Sort index

The sort index number allows users to rank the order in which items are displayed. The default index number is 1000. Assign items with ascending or descenting sort index numbers in the desired order of item display.

Stranding and wire diameter (mm)

The stranding and wire diameter field uses the format (number of outer strands)/(diameter of outer strands)-(number of strength strands)/(diameter of strength strands)

Type

The Type field contains information relating to the conductor type (eg AAC, AAAC, ACSR, ACCC etc) and material alloy designations

Description

This field is a text description of the conductor type.

Standard

This field should be used to specify the applicable conductor standard

Available conductors: the Available conductor folder contains a list of conductors which is presented to the user while performing a conductor measurement. Adding conductor files to this folder adds the conductor or conductors to the available conductor list. Removing conductors from the available conductor list will not cause the original conductor file to be deleted.

Standard conductors: the standard conductors contain folders of conductor files predefined within LineSmarts in accordance with various standards. Only a small number of standards are currently covered. Users are welcome to submit requests for LineSmarts to predefine conductors for other standards by emailing info@linesmarts.com. LineSmarts has made every effort that the parameters within these conductor files are correct, however it is recommended that users independently verify the conductor parameters within the files before using them. In particular, users should confirm that the specified material strength factors and drag coefficients settings accord with the users requirements. Files and folders cannot be added into the standard conductor folder, however individual files and folders may be deleted. Files may be modified by the user however users should take care if doing this as there will be no means to identify those files which have been modified since the original download.

User defined conductors: users can specify their own conductors within the user defined conductor folder.

New items may be added by selecting the plus symbol on the top right of the screen.

Pushing and holding down one of the items pops up a window of actions which can be performed. Actions can be performed on several items at once by selecting the tickboxes for multiple items prior to performing the long press.

The actions include:

Add to ‘Available conductors’: the available conductor list is the list of conductors which is presented to the user while performing a conductor measurement. Selecting this option adds the selected conductor or conductors to the available conductor list. Removing conductors from the available conductor list will not cause the original conductor file to be deleted.

Sort: allows items and folders to be sorted by date created or alphabetically, conductors can also be sorted by diameter or using the sort index number defined under conductor parameters.

Create folder: selecting this option creates a folder which can be used for organising items. Note that folders can be created within folders to make sub-folders.

Rename folder: only appears if a folder has been selected. Allows the folder to be renamed.

Delete: allows items or folders to be deleted. If folders are being deleted all the contents of the folder will also be deleted.

Move to: allows items or folders to be moved. If folders are being moved the contents of the folder will also be moved.

Select all: selects all elements on current screen.

Unselect all: unselects all elements on current screen.

Measurement type

Measurement type.

Left support range (m)

The distance measured to the support on the left hand side of the image. Generally the range will be recorded using a laser range finder. When the value is shown in blue italics this indicates that the displayed value has been calculated based on changes to the support positions made in the Locations window.

Right support range (m)

The distance measured to the support on the right hand side of the image. Generally the range will be recorded using a laser range finder. When the value is shown in blue italics this indicates that the displayed value has been calculated based on changes to the support positions made in the Locations window.

Left support ID

An identifier for the left-hand pole or support.

Right support ID

An identifier for the right-hand pole or support.

Span (m)

This field shows the calculated span distance.

Distance input type

Professional grade laser range finders allow the output of actual or horizontal range measurements. LineSmarts allows the user to input both. LineSmarts defaults to ‘Horizontal’ range input. Generally inputting the horizontal range will be easier for the user because when selecting the support in the image, provided the support is vertical, any point on the support can be selected. If ‘Inclineds’ type is selected the range inputs will represent the direct range measurement. In this case the point on the support measured using the laser range finder will need to be selected in the image.

Notes

This field can be used to record notes about a photo or measurement. This might include the name of the person taking the photo, the address the observed asset condition, or any other useful information.

Sort index

The sort index number allows users to rank the order in which items are displayed. The default index number is 1000. Assign items with ascending or descenting sort index numbers in the desired order of item display.

Surveyed temperature (°C)

The surveyed temperature field is used to record the temperature of the conductor at the time of survey. Actual conductor temperature is a function of many parameters including ambient air temperature, solar radiation, electrical current, conductor resistance, conductor emissivity, conductor absorptivity and wind. In the absence of this detailed information or the means to calculate the conductor temperature, for the assessment of clearances it is generally conservative to adopt the ambient air temperature as the conductor temperature. Even a slight breeze is very effective at cooling conductors so if the user is concerned to establish an accurate conductor temperature the measurement should either be taken while the line is dead and without sun or while a slight breeze is present. The surveyed temperature should always be recorded at the time of survey if it is anticipated that assessment of load cases might be required. The Surveyed temperature recorded on the Span info page forms the default temperature for the conductor catenaries calculated from the photo.

Locate supports

Tap image to open a window that enables the user to select the support positions on the image.

Support location window

In this window the user is required to position a cross-hairs over the left and right hand poles. The user can pinch to zoom in to accurately position the cross-hairs at the centre of the support (typically a pole). LineSmarts is set to initially locate the left support. Once the left support is located the right support button at the upper right of the screen should be selected to allow identification of the second pole. It is good practice to select the right support button prior to panning across to the right support since otherwise the user risks accidentally changing the left support location selection. Once both poles are selected use the back arrow at the top left of the screen to navigate back to the Support data page. Navigating back to the Support information page will automatically calculate the span.

Support info image

Once the span is calculated the image will display vertical blue line that show the calculated vertical orientation at the pole locations. Discrepancy between the pole orientation and the blue lines may indicate either that the pole is leaning or that the device incorrectly recorded its orientation. An incorrect device orientation may the result of movement during the photo capture or errors in the device calibration. Clicking on the photo will allow the user to zoom in on the image and explore it in more detail. Clicking the image again will bring horizontal red lines into the view. If there is an error in the device orientation record the red lines will not appear horizontal. These horizontal red lines are sensitive to orientation error so if they appear horizontal the device orientation will be accurate. Clicking the image again will remove the lines from the view.

Other controls

Buttons are provided on the top right of the screen are for help and result export. If the export button is selected it allows the user to create a photo with overlain results which may either be saved to the device hard-drive or sent via email.

Attachment offset (m)

For accurate results it is helpful to record the attachment horizontal offset distance from the support centre in the direction perpendicular to the line. The offset distance is not so critical for photos taken at right angles to the span but as the angle between the camera and line orientation reduced the offset becomes increasingly important for maintaining accuracy. Offsets in the direction towards the observer are negative and those away from the observer are positive.

Surveyed temperature (°C)

The surveyed temperature field is used to record the temperature of the conductor at the time of survey. Actual conductor temperature is a function of many parameters including ambient air temperature, solar radiation, electrical current, conductor resistance, conductor emissivity, conductor absorptivity and wind. In the absence of this detailed information or the means to calculate the conductor temperature, for the assessment of clearances, it is generally conservative to adopt the ambient air temperature as the conductor temperature. However if the conductor temperature can be established it may be desirable to input different surveyed temperatures for different conductors. The Surveyed temperature field on the Span info page is used to establish the default temperature for the catenaries. The values on the Catenary info page can be used to individually specify as-surveyed conductor temperatures if required.

Notes

This field can be used to record notes about a photo or measurement. This might include the observed conductor type or condition, or any other useful information.

Conductor name

Selecting the appropriate conductor allows calculation of the conductor tension. This drop-down list includes the conductors on the Available conductors list under Conductor Parameters settings menu. If the appropriate conductor cannot be found on the list, the conductor and its characteristic parameters can be created or located in the Conductor Parameters library and then added to the available conductors list.

Locate catenary

Tap image to open a window that enables the user to select positions on the image to define the catenary of the target conductor.

Catenary location window

In this window the user is required to position a cross-hairs over the targeted conductor at three locations; ideally at the far left of the span, at the far right and somewhere in the vicinity of the span centre. This enables LineSmarts to calculate the catenary position. In some cases the view of the conductor is obscured by something in the foreground or by difficulty resolving the conductor against the back ground. Under these circumstances the user should select conductors at locations where their positions can be resolved, while trying to stay as close to the ideal span positions as possible. The user should pinch to zoom to accurately position the cross-hairs over the wire. LineSmarts is set to initially locate the left-most catenary position. Once the left position is located the centre and then right button at the upper right of the screen should be selected to allow identification of the other catenary points. Once all catenary points are selected use the back arrow at the top left of the screen to navigate back to the Catenary info page. Navigating back to the Catenary information page will automatically calculate the conductor sag and tension.

Catenary info image

Once the catenary properties are calculated the image will display red lines showing the selected conductor and the straight line between support attachment points. A vertical blue line is used to show the mid-span position. Clicking on the photo will allow the user to zoom in on the image and explore it in more detail. Clicking the image again will remove the lines from the view.

Load case

This drop-down menu allows the user to select from the Surveyed option and the user specified load cases entered under Settings/Loadcase parameters. The load case selected determines which results are displayed and the position of the wires drawn over the image. The Surveyed load case reflects results for the measured conductor.

Catenary constant (m)

Once the catenary properties are calculated the resulting catenary constant will be displayed. The catenary constant is result of the horizontal conductor tension divided by the linear applied force.

Horizontal force (N)

The horizontal component of the conductor tension.

%CBL (%)

The horizontal tension of the conductor divided by its calculated breaking load, expressed as a percentage.

Axial tension left support (N)

The conductor tension at the left support.

Vertical force left support (N)

The vertical component of the conductor tension at the left support.

Axial tension right support (N)

The conductor tension at the right support.

Vertical force right support (N)

The vertical component of the conductor tension at the right support.

Design tension (N)

The design tension is calculated as the maximum tension of the conductor over the length of the span, multiplied by the associated limit state tension load factor. Note that the tension load factor is taken as 1.0 for the Surveyed case.

Conductor utilisation (%)

The design tension divided the applicable conductor strength reduction factor and the conductor ultimate tensile strength. The conductor utilisation provides a measurement for the design performance of the measured conductor.

Sag in span (m)

The conductor sag at the maximum sag position.

Midspan blowout (m)

The blowout distance of the conductor under wind at midspan. Note that this result will be zero if a load case with no wind is applied.

Δ sag (m)

The calculated change in maximum sag between that surveyed and under the user specified load case.

Conductor length (m)

The calculated length of conductor in the span.

Attachment height difference (m)

This field shows the difference in height of the attachments at either end of the span.

Measured diameter (mm)

This is a prototype tool which remains in development and in most situations will not be sufficiently accurate to be useful. Please use with caution. To use select the conductor diameter tool on the top right of the catenary info screen. Then move the two lines displayed to the top and bottom of the conductor, selecting the lines using the A and B buttons. The easiest way to do this is to click and hold on the screen and then drag the line into position. The tool displays the measured conductor diameter on the top right of the screen.

Other controls

Buttons are provided on the top right of the screen are for help and result export. If the export button is selected it allows the user to create a photo with overlain results which may either be saved to the device hard-drive or sent via email.

Focus mode

The focus mode specifies how LineSmarts will focus. Users are advised to try out the different options to find the one that works best for their device. On most devices there are three possible focus modes; ‘Continuous’ (the default), ‘Auto’ and ‘Infinity’. Some devices do not support all of these focus modes, in which cases only the available focus modes will be displayed.

‘Continuous’ focus constantly adjusts the focus to obtain the best possible focus. This may not be a good option if the camera focussing mechanism is slow or inaccurate.

‘Infinity’ focus may be a good option for some devices since it allows the focus to be fixed on distant objects, however on some devices the focus may not be as sharp using this option.

The ‘Auto’ focus option will cause the camera to focus at the moment the camera is triggered.

‘Fixed’ focus may be the only option on some devices that do not have autofocus capability. Generally where other options are available they are likely to provide better results.

Fx (px)

These calibration parameters define the focal distance, or distance between the lens and the image sensor chip, in pixels. Users can manually adjust their calibration by adjusting Fx and Fy until correct results are returned for the height, span or width measurement of an object with known dimensions. Generally Fx and Fy can be assumed to be equal.

Fy (px)

These calibration parameters define the focal distance, or distance between the lens and the image sensor chip, in pixels. Users can manually adjust their calibration by adjusting Fx and Fy until correct results are returned for the height, span or width measurement of an object with known dimensions. Generally Fx and Fy can be assumed to be equal.

Cx (px)

These calibration parameters define alignment offset between the centre of the lens and the centre of the image sensor chip, in pixels.

Cy (px)

These calibration parameters define alignment offset between the centre of the lens and the centre of the image sensor chip, in pixels.

K1 (/px)

These calibration parameters define the cameras barrel distortion characteristics.

K2 (/px³)

These calibration parameters define the cameras barrel distortion characteristics.

P1 (/px)

These calibration parameters define the cameras tangential distortion characteristics. Tangential distortion occurs as a result of the lens and the image sensor not being oriented in the same plane.

P2 (/px)

These calibration parameters define the cameras tangential distortion characteristics. Tangential distortion occurs as a result of the lens and the image sensor not being oriented in the same plane.

Apply distortion correction

The user is given the choice of applying or not applying the distortion correction parameters. Distortion associated with tablet and smartphone cameras are not typically large and so in most cases calibration errors are greater than the originally device errors. Generally users are advised not to use the distortion correction however if image distortion is observed it may be appropriate to apply the distortion correction to see if it improves the analysis accuracy for their device.

Set default

The set default button is used to restore calibration to the default device settings.

Image export size

Change the image export size to control the resolution of the image file created when generating a report. The default Reduced resolution option will create a file which is approximately 500kB in size. Reduced resolution reports are likely to have some decrease in image quality as a result of file compression. A full resolution image will use the maximum resolution image available to the device camera when creating the report image. The file may be quite large. This option is only available on the paid version of LineSmarts.

Show user details on reports

When the ‘Show user details on reports’ checkbox is checked the user details, including the ‘Operator name’, ‘Organisation’ and ‘Contact details’, are displayed if available.

Blowout direction

For the purposes of calculating wind load and blowout LineSmarts assumes wind to be acting in the direction perpendicular to the span. The resulting conductor blowout can be displayed for wind blowing in either direction perdendicular to the span. Select Left to display conductor being blown to the left, Right to display conductor blown to the right, or Both to show the conductor blown in both directions.

Unit system

Select from between Metric and US Imperial to set the desired unit system.

Show help prompts

LineSmarts provides help messages to assist users who are unfamiliar with LineSmarts, with working through its features at a basic level. The messages can be disabled individually. Uncheck this parameter to prevent display of all help message boxes. Check it back to reinitiate the display of all help message boxes.

Notify of upgrades

LineSmarts is able to notify users when the app is started if a more recent verion is available on the Google Play Store. Check the Do not show this message again check box to stop the notifications from appearing. Uncheck the box to allow the messages to be provided.

WiFi only aerial image download

Downloading aerial images for the location maps will consume a significant amount of data. If you are managing a limited mobile data budget you may wish to check this option to prevent LineSmarts from downloading the images over your mobile data connection.

Wire recognition

Note that this option is only available if no wires have already been defined. To automatically identify wires select the wand icon on the top right of the screen, bringing up the automated wire selection page. Then select the touch icon and swipe vertically across all wires to be identified. The software will then attempt to automatically recognise the catenaries in the image. If the identified wires are correct then create the catenaries by selecting the back button on the top left. If only some wires have been accurately identified either the cross can be selected to delete the identified wires and try again or the identified wires can be created by going back and the remaining catenaries can be added manually.

Use debug mode

Selecting debug mode currently enables the drawing of a yellow horizontal line perpendicular to the span and some reprojection crosses. It is only intended to assist with debugging the app in some circumstances. Users are unlikely to need to enable this function.

Import measurements direct from email

Check this option to import LineSmarts measurements directly from emails. Due to limitations within Android it is not possible to specifically assign the .jpg file (LineSmarts measurement file type) extension files, which are attached to emails, to be opened by LineSmarts. For that reason by checking this option it will also cause LineSmarts to be offered as an option for operations involving other file types. This can be a bit annoying until the correct default options have been selected, so accordingly this option is unchecked by default. However if you are likely to receive LineSmarts measurements by email, checking this option will make opening those measurements easier.

Export file type

This field specifies the file extension for LineSmarts measurement export files. LineSmarts allows the export of files with either .jpg or .lsm file extensions. These file extensions are interchangeable and can be manually swapped at any time. LineSmarts will open both file types, as will most image viewing apps. The .lsm file types will not be automatically recognised as an image by most software. Therefore it will need to be opened from within an image app and may not be a permitted file type for some systems or software. The .jpg file type may be preferable; if the image is going to be sent to someone who does not have LineSmarts and may wish to open the file as a photo, if it will be associated with assets in third party data collection software, or if it will be stored in a data management system. Devices are likely to automatically default to opening files with the .jpg file extension using an image app. In cases where export files are going to be shared with other LineSmarts users, the .lsm file extension may be more convenient.

LineSmarts folder

LineSmarts folder help.

Recalculate everything

Selecting the recalculate everything button causes a recalulation of all measurements and analyses on the device. This recalculation may take a very long time if there are lots of measurements. Usually there should be no reason to recalulate everything, it should generally only be used for debugging purposes.

The Catenaries page summarises and displays all wire measurements for the span being assessed. When the page is opened for the first time for a span there will be no catenary measurements. Select the plus button on the top right of the screen to add catenary measurements.

Results reported

The Results reported drop-down menu allows the user to select the type of information that will be displayed for the wire measurements. If the Load cases option is selected the user can choose to display the position and information relating to specific load cases. If the Maximums option is selected users can choose from several parameters for which LineSmarts will identify the most extreme load case and the associated result.

Load case

This field only appears when Load cases is selected in the Results reported field. The drop-down menu allows the user to select from the Surveyed option and the user specified load cases entered under Settings/Loadcase parameters. The load case selected determines which results are displayed in the wires section and the position of the wires drawn over the image. The wires section summarises the Utilisation, Horizontal tension and Maximum sag values for the selected load case. The Surveyed load case reflects the results for the measured conductor.

Analysis type

This field only appears when Maximums is selected in the Results reported field. The drop-down menu allows the user to select from several conductor parameters. For the selected conductor parameter, the controlling load case and associated extreme value is displayed for the wires under the wires section. Also the position of the conductor under critical load case is displayed in the image.

Wires

The wires section lists the wire tension measurements in the order created. Each wire is given a unique colour which correlates with the results in the Wires section. Select a record to open the applicable Catenary info page for modification of the measurement or to access further results.

Other controls

Buttons are provided on the top right of the screen are for help and result export. If the export button is selected it allows the user to create a photo with overlain results which may either be saved to the device hard-drive or sent via email.

LineSmarts allows the analysis of measured assets under user defined load cases. These load cases are defined under the Settings/Loadcase parameters screen. The user can define as many load cases as they like. The load cases are optimised for defining load cases for limit state design, however users should be able to define most load case regimes using the available parameters. Please let us know at info@linesmarts.com if you are unable to do so, we will try to accommodate alternative design methods.

Name

This field is used to provide a reference name for the load case.

Temperature (°C)

The associated conductor temperature for the load case.

Wind speed (m/s)

Users can specify either wind speed in m/s or wind pressure in Pascals, and LineSmarts will calculate the other parameter using the equation Wind pressure = 1.2kg/m³ x 0.5 x Wind speed².

Wind pressure (Pa)

Users can specify either wind speed in m/s or wind pressure in Pascals, and LineSmarts will calculate the other parameter using the equation Wind pressure = 1.2kg/m³ x 0.5 x Wind speed².

Radial ice thickness (mm)

The radial ice thickness is the millimetres radius of ice on the conductor measured from the surface of the conductor to the surface of the ice. This parameter is used to calculate the mass of ice loading and the presented wind area for the ice covered conductor.

Ice density (kg/m³)

The density of ice used to calculate the mass of ice loading. The default ice density is 700 kg/m³.

Radial snow thickness (mm)

The radial snow thickness is the millimetres radius of snow on the conductor measured from the surface of the conductor to the surface of the snow. This parameter is used to calculate the mass of snow loading and the presented wind area for the snow covered conductor.

Snow density (kg/m³)

The density of Snow used to calculate the mass of Snow loading. The default snow density is 400 kg/m³.

Snow/Ice drag coefficient

This coefficient can be used to adjust the aerodynamic drag for conductor surfaces modified by snow or ice build up.

Conductor weight force load mult.

This factor serves to modify the conductor weight force used in the calculation of conductor tension, sags and structure attachment loads. Factors above 1 will increase the load applied and factors below 1 will decrease it.

Tension load mult.

The tension load multiplier is a factor which is used to adjust the calculated conductor tension for the load case. This adjustment affects the calculated conductor utilisation and structure attachment loads.

Limit state load type

There are four limit state load types defined; Ultimate, Damage, Serviceability and Vibration. These are used to correlate load cases with applicable material strength coefficients, such as those defined in the conductor library. These limit states broadly follow the definitions given in IEC 60826, the international standard for Design criteria of Overhead transmission lines. For users who are not familiar with that document or are not conversant with the limit state method it is sufficient to realise that these categories may be used to associate a load case with a material strength factor.